Other Segregated militaries and challenges of integration

Kirk's Raider's

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I want to point out they were part of the Spanish 35th Division which makes them part of the Spanish army... and segregated...

XV International Brigade - Wikipedia

The name Brigade is a misnomer. In the Spanish Civil War, a brigade consisted of four to six battalions.[6] American volunteers mostly joined the two battalions (the Lincoln Battalion and the Washington Battalion) within XV International Brigade. The XV International Brigade was made up of six battalions of volunteers from nations around the globe, topped up with Spanish conscripts.[7] Irish volunteers formed the Connolly Column of the battalion under the command of Frank Ryan. The column joined the American rather than the British battalion on nationalist grounds.


The Abraham Lincoln Brigade (Spanish: Brigada Abraham Lincoln), officially the XV International Brigade (XV Brigada Internacional), was a mixed brigade that fought for the Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War as a part of the International Brigades.

The brigade mustered at Albacete in Spain, in January 1937, comprising mainly English-speaking volunteers – arranged into a mostly British Battalion and a mostly North American Lincoln Battalion. It also included two non-English-speaking battalions, the Balkan Dimitrov Battalion and the Franco-Belgian Sixth February Battalion. It fought at Jarama, Brunete, Boadilla, Belchite, Fuentes de Ebro, Teruel and the Ebro River.
It's a bit of a stretch to equate foreign volunteers who are racially intergrated with armies that did segregate on the basis of race i.e. the US ,South Africa, Rhodesia, Portugal,France the UK ,Germany and those based in religion Israel with the International Brigades.
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5fish

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bit of a stretch to equate foreign volunteers
If the troops are segregated they are segregated based on nationality... Like...

Lafayette Escadrille the famous American airmen that fought for the French were segregated...

The La Fayette Escadrille (French: Escadrille de La Fayette) was a U.S. unit constituted in 1916 under French command, made up of volunteers who came forward to fight for France during World War I. The escadrille of the Aéronautique Militaire was composed largely of American volunteer pilots flying fighters. It was named in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, French hero of the American Revolutionary War.

The unit's aircraft, mechanics, and uniforms were French, as was the commander, Captain Georges Thénault. Five French pilots were also on the roster, serving at various times in command positions. Raoul Lufbery, a French-born American citizen, became the squadron's first, and ultimately their highest scoring flying ace with 16 confirmed victories before the pilots of the squadron were inducted into the U.S. Air Service.[4

Norman Prince, a Harvard-educated lawyer and an American expatriate already flying for France, led the attempts to persuade the French government of the value of a volunteer American air unit fighting for France. The aim was to have their efforts recognized by the American public and thus, it was hoped, the resulting publicity would rouse interest in abandoning neutrality and joining the fight.
 

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The Brits tried it in WW2...The Eagle Squadrons in the Royal Air Force, World War II

The Eagle Squadrons were three fighter squadrons of the Royal Air Force (RAF) formed with volunteer pilots from the United States during the early days of World War II (circa 1940), prior to America's entry into the war in December 1941.

With the United States still neutral, many Americans simply crossed the border and joined the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) to learn to fly and fight. Many early recruits had originally gone to Europe to fight for Finland against the Soviet Union in the Winter War. Some had been rejected by the United States Army Air Corps as "lacking in intrinsic flying ability".

Charles Sweeny, a wealthy businessman living in London, began recruiting American citizens to fight as a US volunteer detachment in the French Air Force, echoing the Lafayette Escadrille of World War I. Following the Fall of France in 1940, a dozen of these recruits joined the RAF. Sweeny's efforts were also coordinated in Canada by the World War I air ace Billy Bishop and the artist Clayton Knight, who formed the Clayton Knight Committee, which by the time the United States entered the war, had processed and approved 6,700 applications from Americans to join the RCAF or RAF. Sweeny and his rich society contacts bore the cost (over $100,000) of processing and sending the men to the United Kingdom for training.

The first Eagle Squadron, No. 71 Squadron, was formed in September 1940 as part of the RAF's buildup during the Battle of Britain,[

The second Eagle Squadron, No. 121 Squadron, was formed at RAF Kirton-in-Lindsey in May 1941,[1] flying Hurricanes on coastal convoy escort duties.

The third and final Eagle Squadron, No. 133 Squadron, was formed at RAF Coltishall in July 1941, flying the Hurricane Mk IIb.

The secret war in China but then Pearl Harbor happened... The Flying Tigers in the Chinese Air Force, World War II

The First American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force in 1941–1942, nicknamed the Flying Tigers, was composed of pilots from the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC), Navy (USN), and Marine Corps (USMC), recruited under President Franklin Roosevelt's authority before Pearl Harbor and commanded by Claire Lee Chennault. Their P-40B aircraft, marked with Chinese colors, flew under American control. Their mission was to bomb Japan and defend China but many delays meant the AVG flew in combat after the US and Japan declared war.

The group consisted of three fighter squadrons of around 30 aircraft each that trained in Burma before the American entry into World War II to defend China against Japanese forces. The AVG were officially members of the Chinese Air Force. The group had contracts with salaries ranging from $250 a month for a mechanic to $750 for a squadron commander, roughly three times what they had been making in the U.S. forces. While it accepted some civilian volunteers for its headquarters and ground crew, the AVG recruited most of its staff from the U.S. military.

The group first saw combat on 20 December 1941, 12 days after Pearl Harbor (local time). It demonstrated innovative tactical victories when the news in the U.S. was filled with little more than stories of defeat at the hands of the Japanese forces and achieved such notable success during the lowest period of the war for both the U.S. and the Allied Forces as to give hope to America that it might eventually defeat Japan. AVG pilots earned official credit and received combat bonuses for destroying 296 enemy aircraft, while losing only 14 pilots in combat.[1] The combat records of the AVG still exist and researchers have found them credible.[2] On 4 July 1942 the AVG was disbanded and replaced by the 23rd Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces, which was later absorbed into the U.S. Fourteenth Air Force with General Chennault as commander. The 23rd FG went on to achieve similar combat success, while retaining the nose art on the left-over P-40s.
 

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If the troops are segregated they are segregated based on nationality... Like...

Lafayette Escadrille the famous American airmen that fought for the French were segregated...

The La Fayette Escadrille (French: Escadrille de La Fayette) was a U.S. unit constituted in 1916 under French command, made up of volunteers who came forward to fight for France during World War I. The escadrille of the Aéronautique Militaire was composed largely of American volunteer pilots flying fighters. It was named in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, French hero of the American Revolutionary War.

The unit's aircraft, mechanics, and uniforms were French, as was the commander, Captain Georges Thénault. Five French pilots were also on the roster, serving at various times in command positions. Raoul Lufbery, a French-born American citizen, became the squadron's first, and ultimately their highest scoring flying ace with 16 confirmed victories before the pilots of the squadron were inducted into the U.S. Air Service.[4

Norman Prince, a Harvard-educated lawyer and an American expatriate already flying for France, led the attempts to persuade the French government of the value of a volunteer American air unit fighting for France. The aim was to have their efforts recognized by the American public and thus, it was hoped, the resulting publicity would rouse interest in abandoning neutrality and joining the fight.
Again it's just more efficient to separate foreign volunteers. I have already given detailed examples of segregated troops.
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The Brits tried it in WW2...The Eagle Squadrons in the Royal Air Force, World War II

The Eagle Squadrons were three fighter squadrons of the Royal Air Force (RAF) formed with volunteer pilots from the United States during the early days of World War II (circa 1940), prior to America's entry into the war in December 1941.

With the United States still neutral, many Americans simply crossed the border and joined the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) to learn to fly and fight. Many early recruits had originally gone to Europe to fight for Finland against the Soviet Union in the Winter War. Some had been rejected by the United States Army Air Corps as "lacking in intrinsic flying ability".

Charles Sweeny, a wealthy businessman living in London, began recruiting American citizens to fight as a US volunteer detachment in the French Air Force, echoing the Lafayette Escadrille of World War I. Following the Fall of France in 1940, a dozen of these recruits joined the RAF. Sweeny's efforts were also coordinated in Canada by the World War I air ace Billy Bishop and the artist Clayton Knight, who formed the Clayton Knight Committee, which by the time the United States entered the war, had processed and approved 6,700 applications from Americans to join the RCAF or RAF. Sweeny and his rich society contacts bore the cost (over $100,000) of processing and sending the men to the United Kingdom for training.

The first Eagle Squadron, No. 71 Squadron, was formed in September 1940 as part of the RAF's buildup during the Battle of Britain,[

The second Eagle Squadron, No. 121 Squadron, was formed at RAF Kirton-in-Lindsey in May 1941,[1] flying Hurricanes on coastal convoy escort duties.

The third and final Eagle Squadron, No. 133 Squadron, was formed at RAF Coltishall in July 1941, flying the Hurricane Mk IIb.

The secret war in China but then Pearl Harbor happened... The Flying Tigers in the Chinese Air Force, World War II

The First American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force in 1941–1942, nicknamed the Flying Tigers, was composed of pilots from the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC), Navy (USN), and Marine Corps (USMC), recruited under President Franklin Roosevelt's authority before Pearl Harbor and commanded by Claire Lee Chennault. Their P-40B aircraft, marked with Chinese colors, flew under American control. Their mission was to bomb Japan and defend China but many delays meant the AVG flew in combat after the US and Japan declared war.

The group consisted of three fighter squadrons of around 30 aircraft each that trained in Burma before the American entry into World War II to defend China against Japanese forces. The AVG were officially members of the Chinese Air Force. The group had contracts with salaries ranging from $250 a month for a mechanic to $750 for a squadron commander, roughly three times what they had been making in the U.S. forces. While it accepted some civilian volunteers for its headquarters and ground crew, the AVG recruited most of its staff from the U.S. military.

The group first saw combat on 20 December 1941, 12 days after Pearl Harbor (local time). It demonstrated innovative tactical victories when the news in the U.S. was filled with little more than stories of defeat at the hands of the Japanese forces and achieved such notable success during the lowest period of the war for both the U.S. and the Allied Forces as to give hope to America that it might eventually defeat Japan. AVG pilots earned official credit and received combat bonuses for destroying 296 enemy aircraft, while losing only 14 pilots in combat.[1] The combat records of the AVG still exist and researchers have found them credible.[2] On 4 July 1942 the AVG was disbanded and replaced by the 23rd Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces, which was later absorbed into the U.S. Fourteenth Air Force with General Chennault as commander. The 23rd FG went on to achieve similar combat success, while retaining the nose art on the left-over P-40s.
It would of made sense to integrate American pilot's who can't speak Manderin into the Chinese Aid Force exactly how?
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5fish

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who can't speak Manderin
separate foreign volunteers.
What about native America units in World War One, in Canada
just international volunteers

What about Native Americans units in World War One, in Canada? They are a minority and a nation people...

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/107th-timber-wolf-battalion

Within three months Campbell had whittled down more than 1,700 applicants to the approximately 1,000 officers and men required for an infantry battalion. About half the unit was Indigenous Canadians from the Blackfoot Confederacy, as well as Cree, Ojibwe, Haudenosaunee, Dakota, Delaware and Mi’kmaq.

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/107th-timber-wolf-battalion

By and large, Aboriginal men enlisted at the same percentage as non-Aboriginal men but in some communities in even higher numbers. Many Aboriginal men were unfamiliar with both French and English, yet they enlisted anyway. Multiple attempts were made to form all-Aboriginal units; initially there was resistance but after 1915 and a similar policy in Britain, the formation of all-Aboriginal units began. There were varying attitudes, both positive and negative, towards the creation of all-Aboriginal units. Eventually, two battalions were formed: the 114th battalion known as "Brock's Rangers" and the 107th Timber Wolf battalion. There were not enough recruits to complete a fully Aboriginal battalion, so other Canadian soldiers were recruited. Although no battalions rivaled 107th and 114th battalions for Aboriginal enlistment, there were others that had high Aboriginal enlistment percentages. The high Aboriginal enlistment trends were most prevalent in the areas surrounding Aboriginal communities.

The 37th Haldimand Rifles... Native Americas

Here a book explains them...

https://books.google.com/books?id=e...7th Haldimand rifles native Americans&f=false

Here is another book they go mway back 1866

https://books.google.com/books?id=q...h Haldimand rifles indigenous peoples&f=false





 

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We had ours too...

Company E, 142nd Infantry, 36th Division, during World War I code talkers

https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exh...-e-142nd-infantry-36th-division-photograph-nd

American Indian Members of Company E, 142nd Infantry, 36th Division, photograph, n.d.
During World War I, members of the 142nd Infantry, 36th Division were the nation’s first American Indian “Code Talkers.” Code Talkers sent messages encrypted in their native languages over radio, telephone, and telegraph lines. The Germans broke every American code except for the Code Talkers’ communications.

This is a good article about WW1 code talkers...

https://time.com/5459439/american-indians-wwi/

In 1920, General John Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces on the Western Front, wrote, “The North American Indian took his place beside every other American in offering his life in the great cause, where as a splendid soldier, he fought with the courage and valor of his ancestors.” Some earned the highest honors for their service. For example, a Comanche from Oklahoma, Army Private Calvin Atchavit, was awarded a Distinguished Service Cross for “extraordinary heroism in action” in France on Sept. 12, 1918, for shooting and killing an enemy service member and capturing another one to take prisoner — all with one arm, because his right one had been severely wounded. Such heroic acts inspired odes to American Indian veterans called “flag songs,” often a feature of homecoming celebrations. In 1920, the Crow tribe of Montana honorarily inducted the Allied Forces Commander during World War I, Marshal Ferdinand Foch, into the tribe.

World War I marked the first time that “American Indians served as regular combat troops, and not just auxiliary units attached to non-Indian units,” according to Meadows.
 

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What about native America units in World War One, in Canada



What about Native Americans units in World War One, in Canada? They are a minority and a nation people...

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/107th-timber-wolf-battalion

Within three months Campbell had whittled down more than 1,700 applicants to the approximately 1,000 officers and men required for an infantry battalion. About half the unit was Indigenous Canadians from the Blackfoot Confederacy, as well as Cree, Ojibwe, Haudenosaunee, Dakota, Delaware and Mi’kmaq.

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/107th-timber-wolf-battalion

By and large, Aboriginal men enlisted at the same percentage as non-Aboriginal men but in some communities in even higher numbers. Many Aboriginal men were unfamiliar with both French and English, yet they enlisted anyway. Multiple attempts were made to form all-Aboriginal units; initially there was resistance but after 1915 and a similar policy in Britain, the formation of all-Aboriginal units began. There were varying attitudes, both positive and negative, towards the creation of all-Aboriginal units. Eventually, two battalions were formed: the 114th battalion known as "Brock's Rangers" and the 107th Timber Wolf battalion. There were not enough recruits to complete a fully Aboriginal battalion, so other Canadian soldiers were recruited. Although no battalions rivaled 107th and 114th battalions for Aboriginal enlistment, there were others that had high Aboriginal enlistment percentages. The high Aboriginal enlistment trends were most prevalent in the areas surrounding Aboriginal communities.

The 37th Haldimand Rifles... Native Americas

Here a book explains them...

https://books.google.com/books?id=eQJbDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23&dq=37th+Haldimand+rifles+native+Americans&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic48rPuKLnAhUZa80KHWHABycQ6AEwAHoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=37th Haldimand rifles native Americans&f=false

Here is another book they go mway back 1866

https://books.google.com/books?id=qzIw-c1YOAIC&pg=PA120&lpg=PA120&dq=37th+Haldimand+rifles+indigenous+peoples&source=bl&ots=qGvSjyIjQe&sig=ACfU3U0Zma5IyYCCEr2MVspeic1GY0qF4Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDme_zt6LnAhWJB80KHdK7ASQQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=37th Haldimand rifles indigenous peoples&f=false




That sounds more like it. During the ACW there were segregated Indian military units on both sides but not afterwards. I am a bit surprised that by WW1 the Canadian Army was still segregating Indian troops.
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We had ours too...

Company E, 142nd Infantry, 36th Division, during World War I code talkers

https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exh...-e-142nd-infantry-36th-division-photograph-nd

American Indian Members of Company E, 142nd Infantry, 36th Division, photograph, n.d.
During World War I, members of the 142nd Infantry, 36th Division were the nation’s first American Indian “Code Talkers.” Code Talkers sent messages encrypted in their native languages over radio, telephone, and telegraph lines. The Germans broke every American code except for the Code Talkers’ communications.

This is a good article about WW1 code talkers...

https://time.com/5459439/american-indians-wwi/

In 1920, General John Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces on the Western Front, wrote, “The North American Indian took his place beside every other American in offering his life in the great cause, where as a splendid soldier, he fought with the courage and valor of his ancestors.” Some earned the highest honors for their service. For example, a Comanche from Oklahoma, Army Private Calvin Atchavit, was awarded a Distinguished Service Cross for “extraordinary heroism in action” in France on Sept. 12, 1918, for shooting and killing an enemy service member and capturing another one to take prisoner — all with one arm, because his right one had been severely wounded. Such heroic acts inspired odes to American Indian veterans called “flag songs,” often a feature of homecoming celebrations. In 1920, the Crow tribe of Montana honorarily inducted the Allied Forces Commander during World War I, Marshal Ferdinand Foch, into the tribe.

World War I marked the first time that “American Indians served as regular combat troops, and not just auxiliary units attached to non-Indian units,” according to Meadows.
Good find although as mentioned Indians were not segregated in WW1.
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Here is the first African Americans...

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.hi...black-panthers-liberators-battle-of-the-bulge

In October of 1944, the 761st tank battalion became the first African American tank battalion to see combat in World War II. And, by the end of the war, the Black Panthers had fought their way further east than nearly every other unit from the United States, receiving 391 decorations for heroism. They fought in France and Belgium, and were one of the first American battalions to meet the Russian Army in Austria. They also broke through Nazi Germany’s Siegfried line, allowing General George S. Patton‘s troops to enter Germany.

The 761st commanding officer, Lt. Colonel Paul L. Bates, was well aware of the prevalent racist attitudes towards black soldiers, and so he pushed the battalion to achieve excellence. The 761st Tank Battalion was formed in the spring of 1942 and according to Army historical records, had 30 black officers, six white officers, and 676 enlisted men. One of those 36 officers was baseball star Jackie Robinson (Robinson never saw the European theater due to his refusal to give up his seat on a military bus and subsequent court battle).

Snip.. Patton words...

"Men, you’re the first Negro tankers to ever fight in the American Army. I would never have asked for you if you weren’t good. I have nothing but the best in my Army. I don’t care what color you are as long as you go up there and kill those Kraut sons of bitches. Everyone has their eyes on you and is expecting great things from you … Don’t let them down and damn you, don’t let me down!”
 
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Cossacks... Where do the Cossacks fall as a segregated unit...

Cossacks - Wikipedia
Black Sea, Azov and Danubian Sich Cossacks

volunteers
Russian Cossacks

international
Don Cossacks

Kuban Cossacks

Terek Cossacks

Yaik Cossacks

LINK: https://www.realmofhistory.com/2018/08/29/facts-cossacks-don-zaporozhian/


The Cossacks http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\C\O\Cossacks.htm




The Cossacks were among Russia's greatest military assets.

THE COSSACKS ARE A group of Russian military warriors who still exist today, but without the same military power they had in the past.

The word "Cossack" is derived from the Turkic term kazak that means "free man" or "adventurer". They consisted of semi-independent Tartar groups - a Turkic-speaking people who lived in west-central Russia - or peasants escaping serfdom in Poland and Russia. The Cossacks united in the 15th century as a self-governing warrior organization that was loyal only to the Russian Czar. They settled in six different areas: the Don, the Greben in Caucasia, the Yaik, near the Ural River, the Volga, the Dnieper and the Zaporozhian, west of the Dnieper. The Cossacks accepted anyone who was considered a worthy warrior, but the new members had to believe in Christ. It is believed that most were of Slavic descent.

The Cossacks had specific customs and traditions. A child was taught the warrior-ways of the Cossacks from birth. When a male child was born, the parents would take his hand and place it on a weapon. The Cossacks were superior horsemen. By the time a Cossack was three years old he was riding horses. As children, Cossack males would stage pretend battles complete with horses and sabers. The ataman, or army chief, would praise the children who exhibited bravery in these mock battles.

The Cossack lifestyle was also based on simplicity. Members shared land and lived in communes.

Almost as soon as the group was formed, governments used them for military purposes. In 16th-century Poland, the Zaporozhian Cossacks protected Poland's borders. The Russian government used the Cossacks to expand Russia's empire and protect her frontier.

One of the greatest triumphs in Cossack history was the annexation of Siberia. A merchant family, the Stroganovs, settled people in various territories, including Siberia, and expanded the fur and lumber trades. In the mid-1550s, Tartar leader Kuchum Khan took over the area in Siberia. The Stroganovs wanted to protect their lands and trade from the Tartars and called upon the Cossacks and their leader Yermak Timofeyevich. In September 1581, Timofeyevich led 840 troops to wrest the Siberian city of Sibir from Tartar control. With the use of firearms, the Cossacks easily defeated Kuchum's forces. The Cossacks lost a subsequent 1584 battle against Kuchum, but despite the loss, Siberia came under complete control of the Russian Empire in 1586.

The Cossacks gradually lost their power under Russian domination in the 17th and 18th centuries. They rebelled when their privileges were threatened but ultimately lost their autonomous status. The Cossacks continued to serve during revolutionary uprisings in Russia, but the Soviet government took away the Cossacks' administrative status.

Today there are hundreds of Cossack organizations across Russia which are seeking to reestablish Cossack traditions and political structures.
 

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Cossacks... Where do the Cossacks fall as a segregated unit...

Cossacks - Wikipedia


Black Sea, Azov and Danubian Sich Cossacks



Russian Cossacks



Don Cossacks

Kuban Cossacks

Terek Cossacks

Yaik Cossacks

LINK: https://www.realmofhistory.com/2018/08/29/facts-cossacks-don-zaporozhian/


The Cossacks http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\C\O\Cossacks.htm



The Cossacks were among Russia's greatest military assets.

THE COSSACKS ARE A group of Russian military warriors who still exist today, but without the same military power they had in the past.

The word "Cossack" is derived from the Turkic term kazak that means "free man" or "adventurer". They consisted of semi-independent Tartar groups - a Turkic-speaking people who lived in west-central Russia - or peasants escaping serfdom in Poland and Russia. The Cossacks united in the 15th century as a self-governing warrior organization that was loyal only to the Russian Czar. They settled in six different areas: the Don, the Greben in Caucasia, the Yaik, near the Ural River, the Volga, the Dnieper and the Zaporozhian, west of the Dnieper. The Cossacks accepted anyone who was considered a worthy warrior, but the new members had to believe in Christ. It is believed that most were of Slavic descent.

The Cossacks had specific customs and traditions. A child was taught the warrior-ways of the Cossacks from birth. When a male child was born, the parents would take his hand and place it on a weapon. The Cossacks were superior horsemen. By the time a Cossack was three years old he was riding horses. As children, Cossack males would stage pretend battles complete with horses and sabers. The ataman, or army chief, would praise the children who exhibited bravery in these mock battles.

The Cossack lifestyle was also based on simplicity. Members shared land and lived in communes.

Almost as soon as the group was formed, governments used them for military purposes. In 16th-century Poland, the Zaporozhian Cossacks protected Poland's borders. The Russian government used the Cossacks to expand Russia's empire and protect her frontier.

One of the greatest triumphs in Cossack history was the annexation of Siberia. A merchant family, the Stroganovs, settled people in various territories, including Siberia, and expanded the fur and lumber trades. In the mid-1550s, Tartar leader Kuchum Khan took over the area in Siberia. The Stroganovs wanted to protect their lands and trade from the Tartars and called upon the Cossacks and their leader Yermak Timofeyevich. In September 1581, Timofeyevich led 840 troops to wrest the Siberian city of Sibir from Tartar control. With the use of firearms, the Cossacks easily defeated Kuchum's forces. The Cossacks lost a subsequent 1584 battle against Kuchum, but despite the loss, Siberia came under complete control of the Russian Empire in 1586.

The Cossacks gradually lost their power under Russian domination in the 17th and 18th centuries. They rebelled when their privileges were threatened but ultimately lost their autonomous status. The Cossacks continued to serve during revolutionary uprisings in Russia, but the Soviet government took away the Cossacks' administrative status.

Today there are hundreds of Cossack organizations across Russia which are seeking to reestablish Cossack traditions and political structures.
I am not aware of Czarist Russia or the Soviet Union having ba formal policy of segregating troops by race, religion or ethnicity unlike certain other nations previously mentioned.
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@Wehrkraftzersetzer , @rittmeister and @Kirk's Raider's ... You know the German Empire was a colonial power before WW one so they must have had their own African troops made up from local African tribes ...

Snip ... and look... Askari

Schutztruppe - Wikipedia

Schutztruppe (German: [ˈʃʊtsˌtʁʊpə] (listen), lit. "protection force") was the official name of the colonial troops in the African territories of the German colonial empire from the late 19th century to 1918. Similar to other colonial armies, the Schutztruppen consisted of volunteer European commissioned and non-commissioned officers, medical and veterinary officers. Most enlisted ranks were recruited from indigenous communities within the German colonies or from elsewhere in Africa.[1]

Military contingents were formed in German East Africa, where they became famous as Askari, in the Kamerun colony of German West Africa, and in German South-West Africa. Control of the German colonies of New Guinea, in Samoa, and in Togoland was performed by small local police detachments. Kiautschou in China under Imperial Navy administration was a notable exception. As part of the East Asian Station the navy garrisoned at Tsingtao the marines of 3rd Sea Battalion, the only all-German unit with permanent status in an overseas protectorate.


Snip... East

At the outbreak of World War I, the Schutztruppe in German East Africa was organized into 14 field companies [Feldkompanien] with 2,500 men under arms, with headquarters at the capital Dar es Salaam. Including carriers and laborers, the force totaled approximately 14,000 personnel. On 13 April 1914, Lieutenant Colonel Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck assumed command in German East Africa. He led his units throughout World War I, eventually being promoted to Generalmajor.[2] The Schutztruppe in East Africa became the last German formation to surrender – days after the armistice in November 1918.

Snip... West

The Schutztruppe in German Southwest Africa was structured in 12 companies of mounted infantry totalling 1,500 men, primarily Germans. The 7th Company, stationed in the northern desert area of the colony, was mounted on imported camels. A single unit, called the Baster Company of non-local Africans was raised and deployed. Relations between the German administration and the natives in this colony had deteriorated to the point that few local Africans were recruited; however, Boers and Afrikaners did join to renew their fight against Great Britain.

Snip... Kamerun

Schutztruppe contingent of 5th field company at Ebolowa, Kamerun, 1894
German West Africa encompassed two colonial entities, Kamerun and Togoland.
The Kamerun force in 1914 consisted of 12 companies, totaling 1,600 men with headquarters at Soppo and established in 1894 from the existing police force (formed in 1891).


Snip...

An askari (from Swahili: Askari, means: soldier, or military) was a local soldier serving in the armies of the European colonial powers in Africa, particularly in the African Great Lakes, Northeast Africa and Central Africa. The word is used in this sense in English, as well as in German, Italian, Urdu and Portuguese. In French, the word is used only in reference to native troops outside the French colonial empire. The designation is still in occasional use today to informally describe police, gendarmerie and security guards.[1]

During the period of the European colonial empires in Africa, locally recruited soldiers were employed by Italian, British, Portuguese, German and Belgian colonial armies. They played a crucial role in the conquest of the various colonial possessions, and subsequently served as garrison and internal security forces. During both World Wars, askari units also served outside their colonies of origin, in various parts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia.

 

rittmeister

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@Wehrkraftzersetzer , @rittmeister and @Kirk's Raider's ... You know the German Empire was a colonial power before WW one so they must have had their own African troops made up from local African tribes ...

Snip ... and look... Askari

Schutztruppe - Wikipedia

Schutztruppe (German: [ˈʃʊtsˌtʁʊpə] (listen), lit. "protection force") was the official name of the colonial troops in the African territories of the German colonial empire from the late 19th century to 1918. Similar to other colonial armies, the Schutztruppen consisted of volunteer European commissioned and non-commissioned officers, medical and veterinary officers. Most enlisted ranks were recruited from indigenous communities within the German colonies or from elsewhere in Africa.[1]

Military contingents were formed in German East Africa, where they became famous as Askari, in the Kamerun colony of German West Africa, and in German South-West Africa. Control of the German colonies of New Guinea, in Samoa, and in Togoland was performed by small local police detachments. Kiautschou in China under Imperial Navy administration was a notable exception. As part of the East Asian Station the navy garrisoned at Tsingtao the marines of 3rd Sea Battalion, the only all-German unit with permanent status in an overseas protectorate.


Snip... East

At the outbreak of World War I, the Schutztruppe in German East Africa was organized into 14 field companies [Feldkompanien] with 2,500 men under arms, with headquarters at the capital Dar es Salaam. Including carriers and laborers, the force totaled approximately 14,000 personnel. On 13 April 1914, Lieutenant Colonel Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck assumed command in German East Africa. He led his units throughout World War I, eventually being promoted to Generalmajor.[2] The Schutztruppe in East Africa became the last German formation to surrender – days after the armistice in November 1918.

Snip... West

The Schutztruppe in German Southwest Africa was structured in 12 companies of mounted infantry totalling 1,500 men, primarily Germans. The 7th Company, stationed in the northern desert area of the colony, was mounted on imported camels. A single unit, called the Baster Company of non-local Africans was raised and deployed. Relations between the German administration and the natives in this colony had deteriorated to the point that few local Africans were recruited; however, Boers and Afrikaners did join to renew their fight against Great Britain.

Snip... Kamerun

Schutztruppe contingent of 5th field company at Ebolowa, Kamerun, 1894
German West Africa encompassed two colonial entities, Kamerun and Togoland.
The Kamerun force in 1914 consisted of 12 companies, totaling 1,600 men with headquarters at Soppo and established in 1894 from the existing police force (formed in 1891).


Snip...

An askari (from Swahili: Askari, means: soldier, or military) was a local soldier serving in the armies of the European colonial powers in Africa, particularly in the African Great Lakes, Northeast Africa and Central Africa. The word is used in this sense in English, as well as in German, Italian, Urdu and Portuguese. In French, the word is used only in reference to native troops outside the French colonial empire. The designation is still in occasional use today to informally describe police, gendarmerie and security guards.[1]

During the period of the European colonial empires in Africa, locally recruited soldiers were employed by Italian, British, Portuguese, German and Belgian colonial armies. They played a crucial role in the conquest of the various colonial possessions, and subsequently served as garrison and internal security forces. During both World Wars, askari units also served outside their colonies of origin, in various parts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia.
we did but only in the colonies - never brought them to the war in europe. i wouldnt call them segregated as they were for colonial duties only. they were at times reinforced by troops from germany but then regular troops came under schutztruppe command. they got pensions.
 

5fish

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Here I found this about the Black units that fought with the french forces in World War One. They were supplies with french uniforms and weapons. Mnay of the all black regiments fought well and earned awards(medals) from the French...

LINK: https://armyhistory.org/fighting-for-respect-african-american-soldiers-in-wwi/

Snip...

When World War I broke out, there were four all-black regiments: the 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th and 25th Infantry. The men in these units were considered heroes in their communities. Within one week of Wilson’s declaration of war, the War Department had to stop accepting black volunteers because the quotas for African Americans were filled.

Snip...

On 15 October 1917, 639 African-American men received their commissions as either captain or first or second lieutenant, and were assigned to infantry, artillery, and engineer units with the 92d Division. This was to be the first and only class to graduate from Fort Des Moines; the War Department shut it down soon after their departure. Future black candidates attended either special training camps in Puerto Rico (from which 433 officers graduated), the Philippines, Hawaii, and Panama, or regular officer training facilities in the United States .

Snip...

Following some initial successes in Lorraine in mid-August, on 20 September 1918, the 92d was ordered to proceed to the Argonne Forest in preparation for the Meuse-Argonne offensive. The division reached the front lines just before the first assault. The 368th Infantry Regiment immediately received orders to fill a gap between the American 77th Division and the French 37th Division. However, due to their lack of training with the French, shortages of equipment, and unfamiliarity with the terrain, the regiment did not successfully complete this important assignment. The failure to accomplish this crucial mission blemished the 92d’s combat record, and it was often used by military authorities for more than thirty years to prove the inadequacy of African American soldiers in combat

Snip...

The situation was desperate in France, and with exhausted and dwindling armies, the French begged the United States for men. GEN John Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force, promised them four American regiments. He decided to give them the regiments of the 93d Division since the French, who had used French colonial troops from Senegal, had experience in employing black soldiers in combat. The first African American combat troops to set foot on French soil belonged to the 93d Division. Armed, organized, and equipped as a French unit, the 93d quickly adjusted to their new assignment. Although experiencing some difficulties like language problems, the black soldiers were treated as equals.

Snip...

From 26 September to 5 October, the 369th participated in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, and continued to fight well throughout the remainder of the war. The regiment fought in the front lines for a total of 191 days, five days longer than any other regiment in the AEF. France awarded the entire unit the Croix de Guerre, along with presenting 171 individual awards for exceptional gallantry in action

Snip...

On 11 November 1918 at 1100, the armistice between the Allies and Central Powers went into effect. Like all other American soldiers, the African American troops reveled in celebration and took justifiable pride in the great victory they helped achieve. It was not without great cost: the 92d Division suffered 1,647 battle casualties and the 93d Division suffered 3,534. Expecting to come home heroes, black soldiers received a rude awakening upon their return. Back home, many whites feared that African Americans would return demanding equality and would try to attain it by employing their military training. As the troops returned, there was an increase of racial tension. During the summer and fall of 1919, anti-black race riots erupted in twenty-six cities across America. The lynching of blacks also increased from fifty-eight in 1918 to seventy-seven in 1919. At least ten of those victims were war veterans, and some were lynched while in uniform. Despite this treatment, African American men continued to enlist in the military, including veterans of World War I that came home to such violence and ingratitude. They served their county in the brief period of peace after the World War I, and many went on to fight in World War II. It was not until the 1948 that President Harry S Truman issued an executive order to desegregate the military, although it took the Korean War to fully integrate the Army. African Americans finally began to receive the equal treatment their predecessors had earned in combat in France during World War I, and as far back as the American Revolution

NOTE:If you want to see their fighting records, you will have to read the article...
 

Kirk's Raider's

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Here I found this about the Black units that fought with the french forces in World War One. They were supplies with french uniforms and weapons. Mnay of the all black regiments fought well and earned awards(medals) from the French...

LINK: https://armyhistory.org/fighting-for-respect-african-american-soldiers-in-wwi/

Snip...

When World War I broke out, there were four all-black regiments: the 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th and 25th Infantry. The men in these units were considered heroes in their communities. Within one week of Wilson’s declaration of war, the War Department had to stop accepting black volunteers because the quotas for African Americans were filled.

Snip...

On 15 October 1917, 639 African-American men received their commissions as either captain or first or second lieutenant, and were assigned to infantry, artillery, and engineer units with the 92d Division. This was to be the first and only class to graduate from Fort Des Moines; the War Department shut it down soon after their departure. Future black candidates attended either special training camps in Puerto Rico (from which 433 officers graduated), the Philippines, Hawaii, and Panama, or regular officer training facilities in the United States .

Snip...

Following some initial successes in Lorraine in mid-August, on 20 September 1918, the 92d was ordered to proceed to the Argonne Forest in preparation for the Meuse-Argonne offensive. The division reached the front lines just before the first assault. The 368th Infantry Regiment immediately received orders to fill a gap between the American 77th Division and the French 37th Division. However, due to their lack of training with the French, shortages of equipment, and unfamiliarity with the terrain, the regiment did not successfully complete this important assignment. The failure to accomplish this crucial mission blemished the 92d’s combat record, and it was often used by military authorities for more than thirty years to prove the inadequacy of African American soldiers in combat

Snip...

The situation was desperate in France, and with exhausted and dwindling armies, the French begged the United States for men. GEN John Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force, promised them four American regiments. He decided to give them the regiments of the 93d Division since the French, who had used French colonial troops from Senegal, had experience in employing black soldiers in combat. The first African American combat troops to set foot on French soil belonged to the 93d Division. Armed, organized, and equipped as a French unit, the 93d quickly adjusted to their new assignment. Although experiencing some difficulties like language problems, the black soldiers were treated as equals.

Snip...

From 26 September to 5 October, the 369th participated in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, and continued to fight well throughout the remainder of the war. The regiment fought in the front lines for a total of 191 days, five days longer than any other regiment in the AEF. France awarded the entire unit the Croix de Guerre, along with presenting 171 individual awards for exceptional gallantry in action

Snip...

On 11 November 1918 at 1100, the armistice between the Allies and Central Powers went into effect. Like all other American soldiers, the African American troops reveled in celebration and took justifiable pride in the great victory they helped achieve. It was not without great cost: the 92d Division suffered 1,647 battle casualties and the 93d Division suffered 3,534. Expecting to come home heroes, black soldiers received a rude awakening upon their return. Back home, many whites feared that African Americans would return demanding equality and would try to attain it by employing their military training. As the troops returned, there was an increase of racial tension. During the summer and fall of 1919, anti-black race riots erupted in twenty-six cities across America. The lynching of blacks also increased from fifty-eight in 1918 to seventy-seven in 1919. At least ten of those victims were war veterans, and some were lynched while in uniform. Despite this treatment, African American men continued to enlist in the military, including veterans of World War I that came home to such violence and ingratitude. They served their county in the brief period of peace after the World War I, and many went on to fight in World War II. It was not until the 1948 that President Harry S Truman issued an executive order to desegregate the military, although it took the Korean War to fully integrate the Army. African Americans finally began to receive the equal treatment their predecessors had earned in combat in France during World War I, and as far back as the American Revolution

NOTE:If you want to see their fighting records, you will have to read the article...i
Unfortunately true racial equality in the US military took place after the Vietnam War. There was major racial tensions in the US military during Vietnam as mentioned up thread in the riots while the US Aircraft Carrier Kittyhawk was stationed off Vietnam.
The book "Bloods" documents various incidents.
Tensions were high between urban blacks from the North and Southern whites.
Kirk's Raiders
 

diane

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Just a curious note: As far as I can tell, the first, and for a long time only, racially and ethnically integrated military unit in the US was Forrest's Escort. He had everything but the kitchen sink in there - and if that could ride well and was a crack shot, it would have been in! Indians, blacks, aristocrats, farm boys, Jews - he honestly did not care as long as you were the quality soldier he was looking for. He did make an exception for women. He once had three sisters apply to his command - nope, nope, nope the problems with y'all are endless! (But they made excellent spies.)
 

Kirk's Raider's

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Just a curious note: As far as I can tell, the first, and for a long time only, racially and ethnically integrated military unit in the US was Forrest's Escort. He had everything but the kitchen sink in there - and if that could ride well and was a crack shot, it would have been in! Indians, blacks, aristocrats, farm boys, Jews - he honestly did not care as long as you were the quality soldier he was looking for. He did make an exception for women. He once had three sisters apply to his command - nope, nope, nope the problems with y'all are endless! (But they made excellent spies.)
I have never seen documentation that black men actually fought under Forrest's command. Jews have served in various militaries well before the ACW.
The first racially US intergrated troops would have to wait for the Korean War.
The only racially intergrated armies in WWII would be the Brazilian Army in Italy and the German Arabian Free Corps.
The first racially intergrated armies would be does of Columbia, Venezuela and Brazil but not necessarily racial equality see the Brazilian Navy " revolt of the Lash".
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